{"id":131,"date":"2009-03-09T11:06:48","date_gmt":"2009-03-09T11:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/?p=131"},"modified":"2014-08-13T07:25:20","modified_gmt":"2014-08-13T07:25:20","slug":"the-iaru-international-scientific-congress-on-climate-change-in-copenhagen-denmark-10-12-march-2009","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/?p=131","title":{"rendered":"The IARU International Scientific Congress on Climate Change in Copenhagen, Denmark, 10 \u2013 12 March 2009"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>P06.06\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Did the West-Spitsbergen-Current entail<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>the two decades long Arctic Warming 90 years ago?<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border: 1px solid black; width: 175px; text-align: center; float: left; margin: 10px;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<p class=\"descriere\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong class=\"descriere\">The POSTER<br \/>\n16 graphs\/figures<br \/>\neach is accessible<br \/>\nin PDF\u00a0<\/strong><strong>via one zip-file<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/PDF_16Poster_graphs1.zip\">CLICK HERE<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"descriere\">Changes reserved<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 133px;\" border=\"1\" width=\"132\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" width=\"170\"><span class=\"titluri\" style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #990033;\">New book:\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"titluriAlbastre\" style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #073898;\">How Spitsbergen Heats the World &#8211;<br \/>\nThe Arctic Warming<br \/>\n1919-1939<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/Flyer1.pdf\">Get the flyer!<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"descriere\" align=\"center\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Study objectives:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0The widely discussed warming of the arctic during the last decades is comparable to the warming period that commenced in the late 1910s and lasted until the early 1940s (Fig.: I_Arctic_1918-1940). The most significant difference between these two periods is the sea ice cover. In stark contrast to the annual sea ice losses during the last two decades, the seasonal sea ice cover during the former period from 1920-1940 remained on the whole unaltered. Although understanding the earlier arctic warming may provide valuable clues on what has caused the current situation in the Arctic, recent research papers offer little hindsight in this respect. For example, Lennart Bengtsson et al. regard this event as \u201c<em>one of the most puzzling climate anomalies of the 20th\u00a0 century<\/em>\u201d (\u201cThe Early Twentieth-Century Warming in the Arctic\u2014A Possible Mechanism\u201d, Journal of Climate, October 2004, page 4045-4057), and assume: \u201cthat natural variability is the most likely cause\u201d; ditto:\u00a0<strong>James E. Overland<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Ola M. Johannessen, et al. (Reference details: Chapter B at: http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com).<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>As\u00a0 the notion \u201cnatural variability\u201d is of little help for understanding the current situation in the Arctic, the paper aims at identifying the main parameters of the sudden warming in the first half of the 20th century, respectively to answer the question:\u00a0<em>Why are the maximum climate fluctuations confined to the Atlantic sector of the Arctic<\/em><em>?\u201d\u00a0<\/em>V.F. Zakharov raised in1997 (in \u2018Sea Ice in the Climate System\u2019, Arctic Climate System Study, WMO\/TD-No. 782, 1997; p. 71.)<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"205\">\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image0021.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-218 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image0021.jpg\" alt=\"20090309_clip_image002[1]\" width=\"202\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"205\">\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image0041.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-219\" src=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image0041.jpg\" alt=\"20090309_clip_image004[1]\" width=\"130\" height=\"177\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"205\">\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image0061.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-220\" src=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image0061.jpg\" alt=\"20090309_clip_image006[1]\" width=\"169\" height=\"171\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Concept:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0As there are only few temperature data series, limited sea ice data, and not any sufficient arctic marine data series available for the time in question, the research aims to overcome this deficiencies with a two fold approach concerning:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the timing (Winter 1918\/19), the location (Spitsbergen) and source (West Spitsbergen Current respectively the sea), (Fig.: II_Manley_1944) , and<\/li>\n<li>confining the research to the winter season, when air and sea water temperatures are only marginal directly influenced by sun ray or sun spots, and the impact of the sea ice, culminating in April, strongly minimise any interchange between the sea and the atmosphere.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Focus and Method:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0The investigation is using historical data and information, which will prove sufficient to draw\u00a0 principle conclusions, as a number of eminent scholars discussed the matter back in the 1930s. Starting point is the air temperature taken at Spitsbergen since 1912, which suddenly \u2018exploded\u2019 in winter 1918\/19. B.J. Birkeland (1930) regarded this temperature rise, as\u00a0<em>\u201cprobably to be the greatest yet known on earth\u201d<\/em>; A. W. Ahlmann (1946) called the warming period a \u2018climatic revolution\u2019; R. Scherhag\u00a0 could demonstrate that the early warming during the first warming decade (1920-1930) was most pronounced in the Arctic region, which was according\u00a0 Ola M. Johannessen, et al. (2004) mainly confined to the Arctic-Atlantic sector (Fig.: III_Johannesen_2004); J. Schokalsky, 1936, (in: The Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 52, No.2, p. 73-84) already noted that the cover layer of cold water, which was measuring 200 meters in the 1890s, was reduced to less than 100 meters in the 1920s; (References in detail at:\u00a0<a style=\"color: #073898;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/\">http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/<\/a>). Based on these parameters the<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image002_00001.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-221 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/03\/20090309_clip_image002_00001.jpg\" alt=\"20090309_clip_image002_0000[1]\" width=\"173\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a>investigation will demonstrate that the warming started at Spitsbergen in winter 1918\/19 (Fig.: II_Manley_1944), while locations in Greenland\u00a0 and other close-by areas followed with a time lag of 12 months or more. In Greenland the warming lasted only until about 1933, while the region from Spitsbergen to Franz Josef-Land\/Novaya Zemlya continued with warming until the early 1940s. Due to the seasonal sea ice cover at Spitsbergen, the Greenland Sea, and the Barents Sea, (Fig.: IV_April_1914), and due to the increasing warming over this time period and across the wider region, it is possible to draw a pointed picture of the possible sources that caused the two decade warming, namely the West-Spitsbergen Current, respectively water from the Gulf Current, reaching the Arctic Ocean westwards of Spitsbergen or via the Barents Sea. The center of the arctic warming during the winters was the open sea area in the west of Spitsbergen, an ice free sea area formed like a tongue, reaching up to the Arctic Ocean (Fig.: IV_April_1914).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Conclusion: It is possible to demonstrate along historical data and the physical feature of the Arctic that the two decades arctic warming from winter 1918\/19 to ca. 1940 has been caused and sustained by the sea, particularly the West-Spitsbergen-Current. This solution would not only answer V.F. Zakharov\u2019s question (see above), but would be of significant help for a more in-depth understanding of the current situation, respectively may lead to the comprehension that much more ocean research in the northern North Atlantic, the Barents Sea, and the Arctic Ocean is required.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"descriere\" style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">The Abstract was written and submitted in October 2008<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P06.06\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Did the West-Spitsbergen-Current entail the two decades long Arctic Warming 90 years ago? The POSTER 16 graphs\/figures each is accessible in PDF\u00a0via one zip-file CLICK HERE Changes reserved New book:\u00a0 How Spitsbergen Heats the World &#8211; The Arctic Warming 1919-1939Get the flyer! Study objectives:\u00a0The widely discussed warming of the arctic during the last decades is&hellip;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/?p=131\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The IARU International Scientific Congress on Climate Change in Copenhagen, Denmark, 10 \u2013 12 March 2009<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=131"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":249,"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131\/revisions\/249"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arctic-warming.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}